Abbott Laboratories, 238, 239, 242, 244, 245, 255, 274, 354, 422

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, see AIDS

Actinomycin, 126

Acyclovir, 164

African-Americans, 20

African river blindness, 272, 418

Agouron Pharmaceuticals, 346–47, 422

AIDS, 32, 72, 111–14, 242, 250, 254, 255, 261, 266–76, 332, 341, 347, 408, 418, 427–29

Berlin conference on, 417

discovery of virus causing, 268

DNA and, 346

HIV protease and, 107–9, 137, 169, 173, 237–39, 241, 314, 357

immune system modulators for, 398

Merck and, 271–75

NIH funding for research on, 269

testing of drugs for, 340, 419–23

Aldrich, Rich, 26–27, 97, 107, 149, 189, 238, 244, 245, 253–55, 257, 285, 288, 309, 324, 326, 328, 329, 348, 349, 359, 361, 362, 389, 396, 408, 411, 424–27

and AIDS/HIV research, 274, 276, 420, 423, 427–29

background of, 26

Chugai and, 91–93, 110, 139–48, 160, 161, 178, 179, 182, 184–86

Glaxo and, 67, 70, 73, 91, 101, 103, 144–46

Harvard and, 72, 83–86, 141

Kidder Peabody and, 310, 319, 320, 339, 350, 352, 356, 363–67, 369

Navia and, 105

SAB and, 321

stock holdings of, 354, 397

Thomson and, 80

Wall Street and, 294–95, 298, 299, 301, 306, 345, 347

Alkermes, 362

Altman, Lawrence, 56

Altus Biologics, Inc., 410

Alzheimer’s disease, 298

American Crystallographic Association, 154

American Foundry, Inc., 21

American Prescription, Inc., 13

American Stock Exchange, 369

Amgen, 90, 255, 258–59, 276, 277, 284, 298, 345–46, 349, 351, 365, 398

Animal testing, 43, 45–47, 118, 217, 252, 304–5, 402, 410

of AIDS drugs, 340, 358

of antibiotics, 121, 126, 127

of FK-506, 31, 40, 50–52, 55, 56, 234

Annals of Internal Medicine, The, 47

Antibiotics, 118–19, 121–28

Apple Computers, 136, 145

Arendt, Hannah, 370

Ariad Pharmaceuticals, 415

Armistead, David, 57, 78, 217–26, 241, 242, 246, 250–52, 264, 285, 353, 354, 369–70, 400, 401, 411, 412, 424

Arrowsmith (Lewis), 116

Arthur, Mary, 374–75, 377–79, 414

Aspartyl proteases, 169, 238–40, 272

Associated Press, 16

Autoimmune diseases, 18, 31, 32, 34, 40, 57, 99, 162, 165, 398, 413

Avalon Ventures, 136, 284

Avermectin, 271

Aviation medicine, 120

Awakenings (Sacks), 129

Azathioprine, 46

Azidothimidine (AZT), 107, 268–69, 272, 274, 420–21, 423

Bactrim, 164, 428

Baltimore, David, 79, 270–71

Bank of Boston, 161

Bankers Trust, 362

Bank of Hong Kong, 241

Barcelona, University of, 39

Barron’s, 12

Bedford-Stuyvesant Development and Services Corporation, 89

Benzodiazepines, 107, 109

Bierer, Barbara, 261, 262, 264, 321, 390

Bioffen, 85, 92, 140, 161, 255, 411

Biological warfare, 120

Bioprocess Technologies, 21

Black Death, 113

Blech, David, 284

Blood-brain barrier, 428

Bloom, Barry, 424

Boger, Amy, 39, 179, 333

Boger, Charlie, 14–15, 344–45, 352

Boger, Joshua, 193, 216, 230, 245–46, 248, 262–63, 313, 370, 404–5, 424–26

AIDS/HIV research and, 108–14, 169–70, 237–44, 266–67, 271, 273–76, 332, 357, 358, 416–23, 428

animal testing advocated by, 234

Armistead and, 218–25

background of, 14–17, 344–45

at Barcelona meeting, 38–41

binding proteins and, 168

calcineurin and, 390–91, 397

cathepsin E and, 241–44

Chugai and, 93, 105, 106, 138–48, 159–61, 166, 179, 181–88, 215, 217, 220, 225, 246, 250, 251, 304, 402

founding of Vertex by, 21–28, 33–36, 38–39

Glaxo and, 69–70, 72, 73, 83, 98–105, 141–46, 149

immunophilins and, 32–34, 52

and international FK-506 conference, 256, 376, 385–90

Kidder Peabody and, 306–8, 310–11, 319, 339–40, 350–53, 356, 359, 360, 363–69

Kinsella and, 135–37

Massachusetts Biotechnology

Council and, 407–9

at Merck, 34–35, 58, 61–63, 134–35, 137, 345

Moore and, 227–29, 265

multidrug resistance and, 415–16

Murcko and, 170, 172, 174, 177, 178, 400

Nelson and, 251–52

press and, 57, 189–90, 319–21

project identification by, 236

publication strategy of, 256–57, 264, 294–96, 302–3, 305–6, 308, 318–19, 330–36, 341–43, 382

and reorganization of Vertex, 411–12

Schmidt and, 87, 91, 316–17

Schreiber and, 24–25, 64, 70–78, 83, 84, 148–49, 180, 196, 211–15, 282–84, 326–28, 390–94, 403–4

scientists hired by, 32, 65, 157–59

Starzl and, 165

stock holdings of, 354

story of Vertex for investors by, 95–98, 345, 347–49, 360–62

structure-based design and, 30–32

Thomson and, 80, 82

Tishler and, 130, 132–35, 402–3

at Vista Hotel, 12–14, 17–19, 21, 35

Wall Street and, 253–55, 257–59, 277, 278, 284, 295, 298–301, 306, 345–47, 349–51, 398, 411

Yamashita and, 154, 155, 232, 315–16, 319, 377

Boger, Ken, 16, 72, 139–41, 143, 189, 254, 282, 286, 319, 320, 326, 339

Boger, Mary Snead, 15, 344

Boger, Sam, 359

Boger, Zachary, 39

Bok, Derek, 31, 83, 85, 212

Bonsai, Frank, 189, 368

Borel, Jean, 48–50

Boston College, 84

Boston Consulting Group, 84

Boston Globe, 184, 321

Boston Pipe and Fittings Company, 21

Brandeis University, 339

Brigham and Women’s Hospital (Boston), 279

Brinton, Joyce, 72, 82, 86, 143

Burakoff, Steven, 261, 262, 264, 321, 326, 376, 390, 424

Burns, 203

Burroughs Wellcome, 268–69, 420–23, 428

Bush, George, 283

Bush, Vannevar, 119, 120, 123, 132

Business Week, 272, 307, 320, 321, 352

Busuttil, Ronald, 163

Bylinsky, Gene, 320

Cable News Network (CNN), 56

Calcineurin, 383–84, 386, 390, 392–95, 399, 402, 404, 408, 410, 413, 425

California, University of, at Los Angeles (UCLA), 154, 163, 303

California Institute of Technology, 203288

Calne, Roy, 49–52, 372–73, 375, 383

Cambridge Neuroscience, 359

Cambridge University, 48, 373

Camus, Albert, 289, 290, 329

Cancer, 43, 89, 132, 140, 267, 272, 346, 374–75, 377–79, 414, 426

adjunct treatment of, 258–59

cluster transplants for, 55

Capoten, 58

Carnegie, Andrew, 119

Carnegie Institution, 119, 120, 123

Carter, Jimmy, 89

Cathepsin E, 239–45, 255, 266

CBS, 90

Cell-adhesion blockers, 99

Cell biology, 195–96, 260, 393

Cephalosporin, 128

Chain, Ernst, 121, 122

Chiba University, 50

Chicago, University of, 106

Childbirth fever, 118, 123

Children’s Hospital (Pittsburgh), 374

Cholesterol-lowering drugs, 29

Chugai Pharmaceutical Company, 91–93, 100, 103–6, 110, 139, 141–48, 159–61, 167, 178, 179, 182–88, 215, 217–20, 225, 240, 246, 250–52, 254, 263, 276, 277, 304, 354, 355, 365, 387, 402, 408, 410–11, 425

Churchill, Winston, 42, 398

Citicorp, 284

Civil War, 14

Clardy, Jon, 213, 229, 280–82, 305, 325–27, 337–38, 342, 355, 376, 382, 391, 399

Clinton, Bill, 407

Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 407

Cluster transplants, 55, 374

Coal tar derivatives, 118

Coccidiosis, 119

Coconut Grove Nightclub fire, 124

Cohen, Richard, 54

Colorado, University of, 46

Committee for Medical Research (CMR), 119–20, 122–24, 126

Computerized axial tomography (CAT), 226, 227

Congress, U.S., 268, 283

Conklin, Donald, 424

Convergent synthesis, 221

Cornell University, 213, 327

Cortisone, 37, 46, 120–21, 129–31, 213, 214

synthesis of, 202–4

Crabtree, Gerry, 375

Crick, Francis, 204, 205, 309

Crohn’s disease, 31

Crystallography, see X-ray crystallography

Cyclophilin, 33, 60–63, 77, 98, 247, 260, 383, 393

Cyclosporine, 30–33, 39, 57, 99, 159, 168, 217, 247, 251, 256, 260, 351, 372, 394, 415, 424

brain receptors and, 165

cost of, 40

discovery of, 30, 383

FDA approval of, 216

MDR blocked by, 416

Merck and, 209–11

protein binding with, 60–62, 393, 395

Science article on, 259

toxicity of, 31, 50–53, 164, 404

trials of, 48–49, 162, 373–74

Cytel, 99, 159, 161

Danishevsky, Sam, 62, 222

Dartmouth College, 85

Daughters of the Confederacy, 14

Davis, Loyal, 42

Deininger, Dave, 237, 332, 422

DeLorean, John, 208

Democratic party, 283

Denklewalter, Robert, 123, 128, 131

Depression, the, 42, 115

Diabetes, juvenile-onset, 31, 99, 164

Dieffenbach, Carl W., 428

Dingell, John, 148–49

Disney, Walt, 198

DNA, 196, 260, 309, 346, 349

Domagk, Gerhard, 118

Drexel Burnham Lambert, 364

Dubos, René, 125–26

Duffy, John, 68, 333, 334

Dupont Corporation, 116

Eaton, Nathaniel, 20

Effector regions, 75

Ehrlich, Keith, 356, 359

Ehrlich, Paul, 44–45, 115, 116, 118, 208

Eidelman, Benjamin, 381, 382

Elion, Gertrude, 250

Engle, Laura, 153, 188, 235, 280, 312

Entropy, 157

Enzyme technology, 410

Erythropoietin (EPO), 90–92, 147, 276, 277

Esquire, 208

European Society for Transplantation, 38

Evolution, microbial, 395

Eye diseases, 203

Fairfield University, 171

Falk Clinic, 162

Fantastic Voyage, The (movie), 28, 29

Farrakhan, Louis, 208

Faust (Goethe), 64

F-D-C Reports, 357

Fidelity Management and Research, 359

First International Congress on FK-506, 371

Fisons Pharmaceuticals, 51

Fitzgibbon, Matt, 59, 67, 82, 151, 152, 310, 336, 386

506BD, 74–77, 195, 219, 401

FKBP, 98–102, 107, 144, 170, 173, 197, 214, 218, 221, 224, 233, 234, 237, 247, 250, 260–62, 321, 343, 383, 404

crystallization of, 81, 149, 150, 154, 174, 177, 213, 230, 231, 330

discovery of, 31, 33, 63–65, 70, 196, 211

inhibitors of, 76, 376, 394

isolation of, 34–35, 60, 66–68, 78–80, 82, 150–53, 174, 256, 264, 285

NMR and, 227–29

protein-folding action of, 75, 216, 219

sequence of, 87

structure of, 32, 78, 81, 150, 168, 174, 179, 187, 220, 232, 248, 252, 278

see also FKBP-12

FKBP-12, 262, 264, 334, 343, 348, 351, 355, 360, 361, 386, 397, 410, 425

calcineurin and, 394, 395

crystallization of, 293, 392, 402

discovery of, 375, 384

inhibitors of, 387

licensing of, 285

mapping of, 290–92

NMR and, 294

structure of, 305, 309, 310, 315, 318, 322, 324, 327, 341, 347, 354, 382, 393, 399, 409, 415, 416

FK-506, 18, 28, 30–35, 58, 63, 70, 95, 96, 98, 99, 177, 186, 241, 351, 361, 416

animal testing of, 31, 40, 50–52, 55, 56, 234

Armistead and, 218–24, 250–52

discovery of, 30

drawing of, 74

effector region of, 75

FDA approval of, 31, 414

international conference on, 256, 323, 371–77, 380–83

Japanese development of, 138

Murcko and, 334, 348, 354, 360, 399–400

protein binding and, 62, 65, 168–69, 178, 247; see also FKBP; FKBP-12

publicity on, 56–57

Schreiber and, 72, 74, 75, 101, 143, 195, 211, 213, 216, 219, 259–64, 323, 328, 331, 382–83, 391–95, 404, 415

Starzl and, 37–41, 50–56, 162–68, 256, 262, 371–73, 375–77, 380–82, 404, 413–14

toxicity of, 31, 38, 404, 410

X-ray structure of, 342–43, 392

Yamashita and, 305, 322, 333, 355, 399

Fleming, Alexander, 121, 125

Florey, Howard, 121, 122

Food and Drug Act, 118

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 31, 52, 54, 90, 96, 147, 162, 164, 216, 243–44, 256, 259, 268, 298, 339, 373, 381, 413, 414, 417, 424

Ford, Gerald R., 89, 284

Ford, Robin, 52–54

Fortune, 118, 272, 320

Francavilla, Antonio, 380, 381

Friedman, Jeff, 393, 397

Fujisawa Pharmaceuticals Company, 20, 50, 51, 57, 62, 162, 168, 256, 371, 373, 395, 424

Fund for the City of New York, 89

Fung, John, 53

Gadsen, Henry, 131

Gallo, Robert, 268, 269

Gates, Bill, 284

Gene Labs, 250

Genentech, 12, 22, 258, 259

General Accounting Office, 268

General Electric, 307

Genes, 196, 213

knockout of, 234

Genetics Institute (GI), 91, 147, 255, 276–78, 300

Gen-Probe, 146

Genzyme, 360

German chemical trust, 127

Gilbert, Walter, 85, 90

Glaxo, Inc., 27, 67, 68, 70, 72, 73, 81–83, 87, 91, 95, 98–105, 107, 139, 141–46, 148, 149, 172, 215, 223, 355

GM-CSF (granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor), 259

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 64

Goldman Sachs, 295, 300, 306, 307

Gone with the Wind (movie), 88

Gonorrhea, 118

Good Morning America, 261

Green, Jerry, 83

Grimes, Russell, 198

Gross folding typology of proteins, 229

Guccione, Bob, 208

Gulf War, 254, 282, 283

Haldol, 174

Hammill, Rick, 100, 103, 142

Handshumacher, Robert, 60–62

Hapgood, Fred, 108

Harding, Matt, 31–32, 34, 59, 67, 76, 77, 79, 81, 87, 149, 178, 220, 246–47, 321, 416, 424

daily routine of, 60–61

FKBP discovered by, 34, 60, 63–65, 99, 151

and inhibitor testing, 251

at international FK-506 conference, 376, 377, 383–87, 390–91

Kidder Peabody and, 310, 311

recruited by Vertex, 72

and reorganization of Vertex, 411, 412

search for other binding proteins by, 261–62, 264

V-367 and, 304

Harvard Business Review, 184

Harvard Gazette, 338

Harvard University, 22, 24, 25, 32, 35, 54, 62, 64, 66, 70, 81, 86, 96, 102, 103, 116, 130, 179, 205, 247, 261, 296–98, 321, 326, 328, 379, 382, 388, 411, 424

AIDS research at, 420

Biogen and, 85

Boger at, 17, 27, 39, 134, 196, 210, 344, 357

Business School, 84–85, 307, 424

Committee on Professional

Conduct, 83

Genetics Institute and, 90, 255

Law School, 84

licensing negotiations with, 71–73, 77, 81, 83, 86, 141, 143, 144, 180, 263, 285

Medical School, 44, 101, 111, 238, 261, 409

research for profit at, 20–21

SAB recruited from, 136

Schmidt at, 88

Schreiber recruited by, 31, 63, 194–97, 204, 212

Tishler at, 115–16, 118, 213

Woodward at, 203, 206, 207, 213

Hawaii, University of, 289

Heart disease, 132

Heart transplants, 47, 49

Heavy atoms, 230–32, 234, 263, 282, 328

Helmsley, Harry and Leona, 360

Hench, Philip, 121

Hepatitis B, 412

Hepatitis C, 424

Hirschmann, Ralph, 111, 112, 134, 137

Hitchens, George, 250

Hitler, Adolf, 122

HIV, 107–10, 168, 173, 174, 233, 238–44, 267, 268, 272, 276, 277, 332, 340, 341, 351, 352, 358, 420–21, 423, 427–28

HIV protease, 107–11, 170, 237–39, 272, 312, 313, 325, 355, 357, 410, 411, 428

action of, 108, 134, 168–69

cathepsin E and, 240–41, 243

crystallization of, 177, 230, 419

inhibitors of, 173, 174, 332, 349, 377, 416, 428

structure of, 107, 110, 111, 137, 314, 315, 409

Hoffman-LaRoche, 72, 77, 143

Holman, Al, 307, 308, 316, 326, 340, 341, 348, 351, 353, 355–56, 358–360, 362–64, 366–69, 389, 398

Holometrix, 21

Hudson, Leslie, 100–103, 139, 141, 142

Hussein, Saddam, 283

Hypertension, 135, 239, 243

IBM, 137, 241, 272, 364

Icos, 99, 250

Immune system, 44–45, 135

cortisone and, 129

diseases of, see AIDS; Autoimmune diseases

genetically engineered drugs for, 258–59

suppression of, 24, 45–47, 73, 99–100, 142, 218, 413; see also Cyclosporine; FK-506

ImmuLogic, 349, 350, 353

Immunogen, 21

Immunophilins, 31–34, 52, 69, 70, 83, 93, 112, 139, 173, 214, 218, 236, 242, 262, 263, 285, 339, 351, 354, 384, 393, 396, 410, 414, 415, 420, 426

Immunophilins Project Council, 250, 293

Influenza pandemic, 113, 114, 116, 117, 124, 125

Integrated Genetics (IG), 140, 144, 161

International Transplantation Society, 50, 167

Intestinal transplants, 277–78

Islet cell transplants, 377–78, 414

Jackson, Michael, 208

Jackson Memorial Hospital (Miami), 43

Jacobi, Peter, 202

Jain, Ashok, 53

Janssen, Paul, 107–9, 170, 174, 242

Jobs, Steve, 136, 145

Johns Hopkins University, 42–43, 135

Jones, Stormie, 49

Journal of the American Chemical Society, The (JACS), 261, 262, 264

Judson, Horace Freeland, 204, 230

Justice Department, U.S., 55

Karplus, Martin, 179, 180, 188, 280, 320, 322, 327, 337

Kidder Peabody, 306–8, 310, 311, 319, 339–41, 348, 350–53, 356, 359, 360, 363–69

Kidney dialysis, 90

Kidney transplants, 43–45, 53

Kim, Eunice, 416–17, 422

Kinsella, Kevin, 22, 28, 135–37, 145, 179, 183, 188, 212, 284–86, 326, 327, 368, 414

Kissei Pharmaceuticals, 408

Knowles, Jeremy, 27, 28, 34, 85, 100, 134, 137, 206, 209, 296, 302, 327, 424

Kupor, Bob, 307, 308

Lancet, The, 39, 56

Lederle Labs, 123

Leermakers, Peter, 133

Lehn, Jean Marie, 134

Leukemia, 164, 233

Lewis, Sinclair, 116

Lilly, Eli, Pharmaceuticals, 172, 273

Lippke, Judy, 101

Librium, 107

Liu, Jun, 393

Liver transplants, 39, 45–47, 49, 52–55, 162–65, 374, 380, 412–13

Livingstone, David, 77, 101–3, 144, 170, 244, 245, 275–76, 285, 349, 358, 366, 376, 383, 386–88, 397, 411, 418, 424

Lou Gehrig’s disease, 426

Los Angeles Times, 321

Lupus erythematosus, 31

McKeever, Brian, 230, 235, 273, 292, 313

Macrocycles, 74

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 226, 227

Malaria, 119

Manhattan Project, 119

Massachusetts Biotechnology Council, 407

Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 68

Massachusetts Financial Services, 359

Massachusetts General Hospital, 66, 124

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 20, 21, 25, 35, 68, 135, 201, 207, 415, 424

Whitehead Institute, 270

Massingill, S. E., Company, 118

Mayo Clinic, 121, 127, 129–30

Medawar, Peter, 30

MedImmune, 398

Melbourne, University of, 66

Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 89

Merck, George Wilhelm, 116, 117, 120, 122, 127, 131, 132, 188, 272

Merck and Company, 19, 21–23, 25, 27, 63, 80, 140, 148, 153, 170, 181, 190, 215, 220, 229, 281, 282, 285, 292, 293, 320, 334, 346, 354, 370, 383, 388, 394–96, 409, 410

AIDS/HIV research at, 107, 110, 111, 271–75, 313, 417–23

antibiotics and, 122–29

Armistead at, 217, 218, 221, 223, 241

Boger and, 17, 34–35, 62, 68–70, 105, 112, 134–35, 137, 145, 209–212, 221–23, 300, 345, 357, 403

cholesterol-lowering agents and, 29–30

cortisone and, 129–31, 202

FKBP and, 32, 65, 81, 87, 99, 149, 151, 177, 211, 230, 234, 262–64

growth markets captured by, 58

Institute of Therapeutic Research, 122

and international FK-506 conference, 256, 375

Murcko at, 172–73

Navia at, 169, 313, 377

number of chemists employed by, 75–76

structure-based design at, 104, 221, 244

Tishler at, 116–19, 122–28, 130–33, 138, 158, 202

Wall Street and, 347

Woodward at, 202–4

during World War II, 120–24

Merck-Dupont, 422

Merrill Lynch, 306, 307, 350

Mevacor, 29

Meyers, Hal, 78

Microsoft, 364

Miller, Anne, 123–24

Minute Maid, 89

Molecular modeling, 170–74, 178, 240, 322–23, 333–34, 399–402

Molecular replacement, 248

Molitor, Hans, 122

Monsanto, 422

Moore, Francis, 44, 54

Moore, Jon, 245, 255, 314, 334, 352, 387, 409

at international FK-506 conference, 376, 383, 385

and NMR, 226–29, 264, 281, 282

paper by, 294–97, 302, 303, 305, 306, 309–10, 318, 320–21, 324, 328–29, 341–42, 349, 353

Schreiber and, 264–65, 338

and structure of FKBP, 247–49, 252, 264, 278–79

Yamashita and, 232, 280, 290, 292, 294, 311, 335, 336, 355

Moore, Lonnie, 265

More, Thomas, 287

Mother liquors, 150

Multidrug resistance (MDR), 415–16, 426

Multiorgan transplants, 54, 162, 413

Multiple sclerosis (MS), 31, 99, 381

Murase, Nukio, 40

Murcko, Kathy, 173

Murcko, Mark, 153, 156, 170–78, 196, 224, 234, 263, 302, 305, 330–31, 349, 404

AIDS/HIV research by, 174, 240–42, 266, 274, 314, 410, 416

background of, 171–72

FKBP-12 simulations by, 322–23, 325–26, 354–55, 361

Kidder Peabody and, 310, 311, 319, 348, 360

at Merck, 172–74

and reorganization of Vertex, 411

and V-367, 399–402

Yamashita and, 175–77, 280, 294, 303, 315–16

and X-ray paper, 333–37, 341

Nagayama, Osamu, 92–94, 141, 145–48, 159, 161, 182–85, 188, 189

Nalesnick, Mike, 51, 52

NASA, 181

NASDAQ, 367, 369

National Academy of Sciences, 130, 268

National Cancer Institute, 136

National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases, 428

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 62, 153, 232, 248, 268, 269, 273, 337, 360

National Organ Transplant Act, 55

National Public Radio, 328

National Science Foundation, 17

Nature, 33, 61, 63, 107, 134, 137, 230, 245, 294, 296, 297, 302, 303, 305, 306, 309, 315, 316, 318–21, 323, 330, 336–39, 341–43, 349, 353, 355, 376, 384

Navia, Manuel, 157, 181, 220, 245, 250, 263, 282, 291–93, 295, 301–3, 316, 325, 328, 331, 359, 376–77, 392, 402, 408, 418

AIDS/HIV research by, 32, 107–11, 137, 169, 170, 173, 237, 242–44, 313, 314

background of, 105–6

Chugai and, 182

and crystallization of FKBP, 101, 149–56, 176, 177, 230–32, 252, 256

Glaxo and, 91, 102

Kidder Peabody and, 307–8, 310, 319, 356, 363

Moore and, 226–29, 248–49

and reorganization of Vertex, 411

Schreiber and, 71, 102, 213

Sigal and, 273–74

stock holdings of, 354

and X-ray paper, 256–57, 318, 323–24, 329–30, 332, 334–37, 341, 343

Yamashita and, 150, 232–35, 280, 294, 296, 311–12, 315, 327, 355, 410

Nazis 48

Nelson, Patsy, 250–52, 376, 386, 402, 412

Nerve growth factors, 298

New Yorker, The, 131

New York Herald Tribune, 88

New York Stock Exchange, 420

New York Times, The, 56–58, 105, 114, 202, 203, 208, 283, 321, 327, 372, 421

New York University, 106

Niacin, 117

Nissin, 69, 139, 238, 244, 275, 276

Nixon, Richard M., 89

No Exit (Sartre), 198

Northwestern University Medical School, 42–44

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, 226–29, 248, 264, 278, 280, 282, 285, 290, 294, 295, 297, 305, 338, 342, 390

Ochiai, Takio, 50, 211

Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), 119

Ohta, Hiroyuki, 188

Organ transplantation, 18, 30, 35, 37–41, 43–47, 162, 165, 166, 256, 371–82, 412–13

Orwell, George, 208

Oxford University, 27, 134

Paley, William, 90

Pan Am Flight 103, 274

Parkinson’s disease, 298

Pasteur, Louis, 44–45, 125, 208, 209

Pauling, Linus, 203–5, 208

Peattie, Debra, 101, 247, 310, 376, 386, 387, 411, 424

Pellagra, 117

Penicillin, 121–25, 127, 129, 267, 271

Pennsylvania, University of, 119, 137, 228

Peptides, 169

Periplanone-B, 207–8

Pesticides, 207–8

Peter Bent Brigham Hospital (Cambridge), 44, 45

Pfizer, 123, 127, 172, 204

Pheromones, 207

Pierce, Henry, 56

Pittsburgh, University of, Medical Center, 38, 51

Institutional Review Board (IRB), 54

Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 56

Pittsburgh Press, 55

Plague, The (Camus), 289, 290

Pneumonia, 118, 125, 135

Powell, William, 14

Prednisone, 164

President’s War on Cancer, 88–90, 267

Prograf, 424, 425

Proscar, 409

Protein folding, 33–34, 75, 203–4, 219, 229

Psoriasis, 31, 164

Quinine, 202, 208

Radcliffe College, 39

Rapamycin, 74, 75, 211, 262

Rate-limiting step, 130

Rational design, see Structure-based design

Reagan, Nancy, 42, 49

Reagan, Ronald, 49, 268

Recombinant technology, 196

Reed College, 357

Regeneron, 298–301, 305, 306, 308, 310, 316, 345, 349, 356, 366, 368, 426

Renin, 134, 209, 237, 239, 273

Republican party, 283, 288

Reverse transcriptase, 107, 272, 275

Rheumatic fever, 203

Rheumatoid arthritis, 31, 99, 129, 203

Rice, Jim, 294

Richards, Alfred Newton, 119–23, 132

Ricordi, Camillo, 52

Ringe, Dagmar, 339

Roche Holdings Ltd., 238, 239, 259, 274, 422

Rockefeller, Laurence, 89

Rockefeller University, 125, 270

Rokash, Joe, 345

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 119

Rosen, Mark, 229

Rothschild, Lord, 269

Rutgers University, 126

Sacks, Oliver, 129

St. Johnsbury Trucking Company, 21

Salk, Jonas, 51, 269

Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, 48, 50, 51, 58, 99, 159, 214, 217, 372, 396, 410, 427

Sarrett, Lew, 129, 130

Sartre, Jean-Paul, 198

Sato, Vicki, 411, 417, 418

Saunders, Jeff, 68, 77, 78, 97, 152, 153, 223–26, 252, 281, 304, 353–54, 400, 401, 410, 412

Schering Plough Pharmaceuticals, 424

Schmidt, Benno, 87–94, 96, 100, 141, 142, 145–48, 160, 179, 183, 188, 255, 276, 316–17, 326–27, 368

Schreiber, Mimi, 207

Schreiber, Stuart, 66, 92, 94, 180, 183, 188, 190, 193–96, 215, 216, 218, 228, 233, 263, 265, 279, 293, 297, 302, 312, 316, 318, 320, 321, 328, 334, 341, 347, 351, 361, 388–89, 391, 393–95, 397, 403, 425

and AIDS/HIV research, 111

background of, 197–201

calcineurin and, 390, 394, 402, 404, 410, 413

Clardy and, 229, 280–82, 305, 325–27, 337, 338, 355, 375, 392, 399

cyclosporine and, 62, 209–10

FKBP and, 32, 34, 81, 99, 101–2, 107, 148–49, 152, 179, 196–97, 211, 213–14, 219, 247, 248, 281, 343

at international FK-506 conference, 256, 375–77, 382–86

Kinsella and, 284–86, 414–15

and Murcko’s simulations, 323, 331

NMR and, 229, 342, 390

papers published by, 259–62, 264, 280, 282, 294, 305, 354

recruited by Harvard, 31, 63, 204, 212

research deal with Roche, 143

Starzl and, 275–77, 379–82

as Vertex collaborator, 22, 24–25, 64, 70–78, 83–86, 101–3, 141, 144

Woodward and, 205–6

at Yale, 31, 61, 78, 207–8, 212, 222

Schwartzenegger, Arnold, 238

Science, 61, 220, 230, 259–61, 280, 294, 305, 309, 313, 318, 321, 341, 347, 376

Scolnick, Edward, 70, 110–12, 137, 271, 274, 409

Scrip, 184

Scripps Institute, 250